The following documents visually summarize research conducted using the CW-FIT intervention. These briefs address the impacts of CW-FIT in the classroom focusing on individuals that have a diverse range of needs.
Publications
CW-FIT Research Briefs
Improved On-Task Behavior
Improving student behavior in middle schools: Results of a classroom management intervention. Class-wide and individual student on-task behavior improved.
Increasing Teacher Praise
Managing student behavior in a middle school special education classroom using CW-FIT Tier 1. Teacher praise and attention to appropriate behavior increased and reprimands decreased.
Teachers Reported CW-FIT Was Easy to Learn and Training Was Adequate
Improving Student Behavior in Middle School Art Classrooms: Initial Investigation of CW-FIT Tier 1. With teachers trained and utilizing CW-FIT, on-task behavior increased for target students as well as the whole class.
Teachers and Students Enjoy CW-FIT
Managing student behavior in a middle school special education classroom using CW-FIT Tier 1. 90% of the students with disabilities and 71% of the peer tutors stated that other students and classes should be able to play CW-FIT.
Peer Reviewed Research
Peer-reviewed research publications related to CW-FIT are below. Articles are available for public viewing on ERIC.ed.gov by clicking the links.
2021
- Chen, P.-Y., Scheibel, G. A., Henley, V. M., & Wills, H. P. (2021). Multi-tiered Classroom Management Intervention in a middle school classroom: Initial investigation of CW-fit-middle school tier 1 and self-management. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 109830072110173. https://doi.org/10.1177/10983007211017327
- Wills, H. P., Caldarella, P., Williams, L., Fleming, K., & Chen, P. Y. (2021). Middle School Classroom Management: A Randomized Control Trial of Class-wide Function-Related Intervention Teams for Middle Schools (CW-FIT MS). Journal of Behavioral Education, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-021-09455-0
2020
- Monson, K. D., Caldarella, P., Anderson, D. H., & Wills, H. P. (2020). Improving student behavior in middle school art classrooms: Initial investigation of CW-FIT Tier 1. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 22(1), 38-50.
- Orr, R. K., Caldarella, P., Hansen, B. D., & Wills, H. P. (2020). Managing student behavior in a middle school special education classroom using CW-FIT Tier 1. Journal of Behavioral Education, 29(1), 168-187.
- Speight, R., Whitby, P., and Kucharczyk, S. (2020). Impact of CW-FIT on student and teacher behavior in a middle school. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 22(4) 195–206.
2019
- Bolt, T., Hansen, B., Caldarella, P., Young, K., Williams, L., & Wills, H. (2019). Varying opportunities to respond to improve behavior of elementary students with developmental disabilities. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 11(4), 327-334.
- Caldarella, P., Wills, H. P., Anderson, D. H., & Williams, L. (2019). Managing student behavior in the middle grades using Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams. RMLE Online, 42(7), 1-15.
- Wills, H. P., Caldarella, P., Mason, B. A., Lappin, A., & Anderson, D. H. (2019). Improving student behavior in middle schools: Results of a classroom management intervention. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 21(4), 213-227.
- Wu, Y., Chen, P., Tsai, S., Tsai, S., Chou, Y., & Chiu, C.(2019). The effects of the class-wide function-related intervention teams on behaviors of an elementary student with autism spectrum disorder in an inclusive classroom in Taiwan. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 65(5). https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1647031
2018
- Caldarella, P., Larsen, R. A. A., Williams, L., Wills, H., Kamps, D., & Wehby, J. H. (2018). Effects of CW-FIT on teachers’ ratings of elementary school students at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20(2), 78–89.
- Nelson, M. A., Caldarella, B. D., Hansen, B. D., Graham, M. A., Williams, L., & Wills, H. (2018). Improving student behavior in art classrooms: An exploratory study of CW-FIT Tier 1. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20(4), 1-12.
- Schmidt Naylor, A., Kamps, D., & Wills, H. P. (2018). The effects of the CW-FIT group contingency on class-wide and individual behavior in an urban first grade classroom. Education and Treatment of Children, 41(1), 1-30.
- Wills, H. P., Kamps, D., Caldarella, P., Wehby, J. H., & Romine, R. S. (2018). Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams “CW-FIT”: Student and teacher outcomes from a multi-site randomized replication trial. The Elementary School Journal, 119(1), 29-51.
- Wills, H., Wehby, J., Caldarella, P., Kamps, D., & Swinburne Romine, R. (2018). Classroom management that works: A replication trial of the CW-FIT program. Exceptional Children, 84(4), 437-456.
2017
- Caldarella, P., Larsen, R. A., Williams, L., Wehby, J., Wills, H. P., & Kamps, D. (2017). Monitoring academic and social skills in elementary school: A psychometric evaluation of the classroom performance survey. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 19(2), 78-89.
- Caldarella, P., Williams, L., Jolstead, K. A., & Wills, H. P. (2017). Managing student behavior in an elementary school music classroom: A study of Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 35(3), 23-30.
- Conklin, C., Kamps, D., & Wills, H. (2017). The effects of Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams (CW-FIT) on students’ prosocial classroom behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Education, 26(1), 75-100.
- Hansen, B. D., Caldarella, P., Williams, L., & Wills, H. P. (2017). Managing student behavior in dual immersion classrooms: A study of Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams. Behavior Modification, 41(5), 626-646.
- Healy, S., Hirsch, S. E., & Lloyd, J. W. (2017). Implementing a group contingency behavior-management system in physical education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 88(9), 50-56.
- Jolstead, K. A., Caldarella, P., Hansen, B. D., Korth, B. B., Williams, L. & Kamps, D. (2017). Implementing positive behavior support in preschools: An exploratory study of CW-FIT Tier 1. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 19(1), 48-60.
- Torelli, J.N., Lloyd, B.P., Diekman, C.A., & Wehby, J.H. (2017). Teaching stimulus control via class-wide multiple schedules of reinforcement in public elementary school classrooms. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 19(1), 14-25.
2016
- Hirsch, S.E., Healy, S., Judge, J.P. and Lloyd, J.W. (2016). Effects of an interdependent group contingency on engagement in physical education. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 49(4), 975-979.
- Lower, A., Young, K. R., Christensen, L., Caldarella, P., Williams, L. & Wills, H. P. (2016). Effects of a Tier 3 self-management intervention implemented with and without treatment integrity. Education and Treatment of Children, 39(4), 493–520.
- Weeden, M., Wills, H. P., Kottwitz, E., & Kamps, D. (2016). The effects of a class-wide behavior intervention for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 42(1), 285-293.
- Wills, H., Kamps, D., Fleming, K., & Hansen, B. (2016). Student and teacher outcomes of the Class-wide Function-related Intervention Team efficacy trial. Exceptional Children, 83(1), 58-76.
2015
- Caldarella, P., Williams, L., Hansen, B. D., & Wills, H. P. (2015). Managing student behavior with Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams: An observational study in early elementary classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43, 357-365.
- Kamps, D., Conklin, C., & Wills, H. (2015). Use of self-management with the CW-FIT group contingency program. Education and Treatment of Children, 38(1), 1-32.
- Kamps, D., Wills, H., Bannister, H., Heitzman-Powell, L., Kottwitz, E., Hansen, B., & Fleming, K. (2015). Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams “CW-FIT” efficacy trial outcomes. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 17(3), 134-145.
2014
- Wills, H. P., Iwaszuk, W. M., Kamps, D., & Shumate, E. (2014). CW-FIT: Group contingency effects across the day. Education and Treatment of Children, 37(2), 191-210.
2011
- Kamps, D., Wills, H., Heitzman-Powell, L., Laylin, J., Szoke, C., Hobohm, T., & Culey, A. (2011). Class-wide Function-related Intervention Teams (CW-FIT): Effects of group contingency programs in urban classrooms. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 13(3), 154-167.
2010
- Wills, H. P., Kamps, D., Hansen, B. D., Conklin, C., Bellinger, S., Neaderhiser, J., & Nsubuga, B. (2010). The Class-wide Function-based Intervention Team (CW-FIT) program. Preventing School Failure, 54(3), 164-171.
